Dr - Study Materials

➥ Diseases of transporting channels

Disease of Arteries

Arterial Stenosis or Occlusion(MSØV)

-Describe Cause, Effects, pathology, symptoms and signs of lower limb arterial stenosis or occlusion
-Discuss the investigations indicated in arterial stenosis – doppler ultrasound, angiography
-Discuss management of arterial occlusion – transluminal angioplasty & stenting & Bypass

Gangrene(MSLV)

-Define Gangrene
-Describe types of gangrene
-Discuss management of gangrene
-Demonstrate clinical examination of Gangrene
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for Gangrene

Acute arterial occlusion(MSØV)

-Discuss Types and causes of acute arterial occlusion
-Describe management of acute arterial occlusion
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for acute arterial occlusion

Amputation(MSØV)

-Discuss types and indication of amputation

Aneurysm(MSØV)

-Define Aneurysm
-Discuss Classification, types, investigations in Aneurysm
-Discuss management for Aneurysm
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for Aneurysm

Arteritis & Vasospastic condition(MSØV)

-Describe Cause, symptoms, investigation in Thrombo-angiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), Raynaud’s disease
-Discuss management of Burger’s disease & Raynaud’s disease

Embolism(MSØV)

-Discuss definition, aetiology, types, clinical sign and symptoms, investigation of Embolism
-Describe management of embolism
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment of the Embolism

Thrombosis(MSØV)

-Discuss definition, Aetiology, types, symptoms, investigation of thrombosis
-Describe management of Thrombosis
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment of the thrombosis

Disease of Veins

Veins Anatomy and pathophysiology(MSØV

-Describe Anatomy of veins
-Discuss pathophysiology of venous disease

Varicose Vein(MSØV)

-Describe Epidemiology, classification, clinical features of varicose vein
-Discuss the investigations indicated in varicose vein disease ultrasound
-Discuss management of Varicose vein
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for the varicose vein
-Demonstrate the physical examination of the varicose vein

Venous thrombosis, DVT(MSØV)

-Describe aetiology, pathology, clinical features and diagnosis of Venous Thrombosis, DVT
-Describe Investigations indicated for the venous thrombosis, DVT
-Discuss management of Venous thrombosis, DVT
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for the venous thrombosis, DVT

Leg Ulcer(MSØV)

-List the scope and limitations of HMM(MSLV)
-Discuss the scope and limitations of HMM(MSLV)
-Discuss the solutions toa-Describe aetiology, pathology, clinical features and diagnosis of Leg Ulceration
-Describe Investigations indicated for the Leg Ulceration
-Discuss management of Leg Ulceration
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for the Leg Ulceration
overcome the limitations of HMM(MSLV)

Disease of Lymphatics

Anatomy & Pathophysiology of Lymphatics(MSØV)

-Describe Anatomy of Lymphatics and lymph node
-Discuss pathophysiology of Lymphatics

Lymphangitis(MSØV)

-Describe Epidemiology, classification, clinical features, management of acute lymphangitis

Lymphoedema(MSØV)

-Describe definition, aetiology, types, pathology, clinical sign and symptoms of Lymphoedema
-Demonstrate the physical examination of the Lymphatic system
-Discuss the investigations indicated in Lymphoedema: USG, CT, MRI, Lymphangiography
-Discuss management of Lymphoedema
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for the Lymphoedema

Filariasis(MSØV)

-Describe Cause, clinical features and diagnosis of Filariasis
-Discuss Management of Filariasis
-Describe homoeopathic medicines of filariasis

Lymphadenitis(MSØV)

-Discuss various types of acute and chronic lymphadenitis
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment of acute and chronic lymphadenitis

Reticuloses, Hodgkin’s lymphom, Burkitt tumor & Sarcoidosis(MSLV)

-Describe definition, types of reticuloses
-Describe pathology, clinical features, staging, investigations in Hodgkin’s disease
-Describe pathology, clinical features, investigation in Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
-Discuss pathology and clinical features for the Burkitt tumor
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for the Reticulosis, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt tumor
-Discuss clinical features, pathology, investigation and diagnosis of Sarcoidosis
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for the Sarcoidosis

Disease of Nerves

Nerves Injury(MSØV)

-Discuss the types, pathology, clinical features of nerve injury
-Discuss management of the nerve injury: medical, suturing of nerves
-Discuss injuries of brachial plexus, radial nerve, ulnar nerve, median nerve injuries
-Discuss claw hand, foot drop, sciatic nerve injury, Carpel tunnel syndrome
-Describe examination of the lesion of peripheral nerves
-Describe homoeopathic treatment for the peripheral nerve injury

➥ Diseases of the Alimentary tract

Mouth

Disease of Mouth(MSØV)

-Describe classification, symptoms and signs of cleft lip
-Describe classification, clinical features of cleft palate
-Discuss management of cleft lip and cleft palate
-Discuss types, clinical features, investigation of stomatitis
-Describe homoeopathic treatment for the stomatitis
-Describe causes, clinical examination, investigations in ulcer of tongue, Ca tongue
-Discuss homoeopathic medicines for the ulcer of tongue
-Describe physical examination of the Oral cavity
-Describe Ranula

Salivary Gland

Disease of Salivary Glands(MSØV)

-Discuss anatomy and physiological aspects of Salivary glands
-Describe investigations used for investigation of Salivary gland – USG, FNAC, PET, CT, MRI, Biopsy
-Describe cause, types, Clinical features, diagnosis of cyst, tumor of salivary gland
-Discuss cause, clinical features, diagnosis of Sublingual gland & submandibular glands
-Discuss homoeopathic medicines for the salivary gland disease, sublingual glands & submandibular glands

parotid gland

Disease of parotid gland(MSØV)

-Discuss anatomical and physiological aspects of parotid gland
-Describe investigations used for investigation of Parotid gland – USG, FNAC, PET, CT, MRI, Biopsy
-Describe cause, clinical features, investigation of parotitis
-Discuss cause, clinical features, investigation and diagnosis of Parotid gland tumor
-Discuss homoeopathic treatment for the parotitis and tumor of parotid gland
-Demonstrate physical examination of parotid gland and other salivary glands

Oesophagus

Oesophagus(MSØV)

-Review the concepts of applied anatomy of Oesophagus
-Review the concepts of functions of Oesophagus
-Discuss various investigations used in disease of Oesophagus: X-ray, Barium Swallow, CT- Scan, Oesophagoscopy
-Describe aetiology, types, sign& symptoms, differential diagnosis, investigations in case of Dysphagia
-Discuss aetiology, clinical features, investigations & treatment of stricture of Oesophagus, plummer vinson syndrome, achalasia cardia, carcinoma of oesophagus
-Describe homoeopathic treatment for the dysphagia, stricture of oesophagus

GERD-Gastroesophageal reflux disease(MSØV)

-Define GERD
-Describe the mechanisms of GERD, including lower oesophageal sphincter dysfunction, delayed gastric emptying, and oesophageal mucosal damage
-Discuss the manifestations of GERD
-Explain indications, procedures, and findings of investigations like endoscopy, oesophageal pH monitoring, and manometry
-Recognize complications such as oesophageal stricture, Barrett’s oesophagus, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for GERD

Hiatus Hernia(MSØV)

-Describe Hiatus Hernia, types, Clinical presentations and management

Dysphagia(MSØV)

-Define dysphagia and classify its causes
-Identify the clinical features and history suggestive of dysphagia
-Perform a systematic clinical examination for dysphagia
-Differentiate between oropharyngeal and oesophageal dysphagia based on clinical findings
-Discuss the red flag signs in dysphagia requiring urgent intervention

Peritoneum

Peritonitis(MSLV)

-Define peritonitis and classify its types (primary, secondary, tertiary)
-Explain the pathophysiology of peritonitis
-Identify the clinical features of peritonitis, such as abdominal pain, tenderness, guarding, and systemic signs like fever and tachycardia
-Discuss diagnostic investigations, including complete blood count (CBC), serum lactate, blood cultures, and imaging techniques like Xray, ultrasound, and CT scan
-Describe the role of paracentesis in diagnosing peritonitis, including analysis of ascitic fluid
-Discuss surgical management, including indications for laparotomy and source control of infection
-Recognize complications of peritonitis, such as sepsis, abscess formation, and multi-organ failure
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for peritonitis

Pelvic abscess(MSØV)

-Define pelvic abscess and describe its etiological factors
-Describe the clinical features of pelvic abscess
-Discuss the diagnostic investigations, including blood tests (CBC, CRP), imaging techniques (ultrasound, CT, and MRI), and aspiration for culture
-Recognize complications of pelvic abscess

Subphrenic abscess(MSØV)

-Define subphrenic abscess and describe its etiological factors
-List and recognize the clinical features of subphrenic abscess, such as fever, referred shoulder pain, and restricted diaphragm movement
-Discuss diagnostic investigations, including CBC, inflammatory markers, and imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT, and X-rays
-Explain the imaging findings typical of subphrenic abscess on X-ray, ultrasound, and CT scans
-Discuss the indications for surgical drainage in cases of subphrenic abscess
-Recognize potential complications of untreated or poorly managed subphrenic abscess

Mesenteric cyst(MSØV)

-Describe mesenteric cyst

Psoas abscess(MSØV)

-Define psoas abscess
-Describe the anatomical relationship of the psoas muscle and its relevance in the spread of infection
-List and describe common aetiologies, such as tuberculosis, enteric infections, and postsurgical infections
-Recognize the clinical features of psoas abscess, including fever, flank pain and limp
-Discuss diagnostic investigations, including blood tests (CBC, ESR, CRP), imaging techniques (ultrasound, CT, MRI), and aspiration for culture
-Explain the findings of imaging modalities such as CT and MRI in identifying psoas abscess
-Explain the indications and surgical approaches for abscess drainage in case of psoas abscess
-Identify complications of untreated or poorly managed psoas abscess, such as sepsis, deep vein thrombosis, or vertebral osteomyelitis

stomach, duodenum and intestine

Gastritis(MSLV)

-Define gastritis and classify it into acute and chronic types
-Explain the pathophysiology of gastritis, including the role of H. pylori, NSAIDs, and autoimmune processes
-Enumerate the etiological factors for gastritis, such as infections, medications, alcohol, and stress
-Recognize the clinical features of gastritis, including epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite
-Discuss diagnostic investigations, including endoscopy, biopsy, and tests for H. pylori
-Explain the findings of endoscopy in acute and chronic gastritis
-Explain complications of chronic gastritis, such as gastric ulcers, atrophic gastritis, and increased risk of gastric carcinoma
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for gastritis

Peptic ulcer – Gastric and Duodenal ulcer(MSLV)

-Define peptic ulcer and differentiate between gastric and duodenal ulcers
-Explain the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease, including the role of acid, pepsin, and protective mechanisms
-Enumerate the etiological factors, including H. pylori infection, NSAID use, stress, and smoking
-Describe the clinical features and its complications of peptic ulcer
-Discuss diagnostic investigations for peptic ulcer such as upper GI endoscopy, biopsy, and tests for H. pylori
-Explain the endoscopic findings of gastric and duodenal ulcers
-Discuss indications for surgical intervention in peptic ulcer complications
-Explain preventive strategies, including lifestyle modifications, avoidance of NSAIDs, and prophylactic measures in high risk patients
-Counsel patients on symptoms, treatment options, and dietary modifications for peptic ulcer disease
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for peptic ulcer

Pyloric stenosis(MSØV)

-Define pyloric stenosis and differentiate between congenital and acquired forms
-Explain the pathophysiology of pyloric stenosis, including hypertrophy and obstruction
-List the clinical features of pyloric stenosis, such as projectile vomiting and dehydration
-Explain the complications such as metabolic alkalosis, dehydration, and malnutrition in pyloric stenosis
-Discuss diagnostic tools like ultrasound, upper GI contrast studies, and lab investigations for pyloric stenosis
-Correlate clinical findings with imaging and lab results to confirm the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis
-Describe surgical management of pyloric stenosis

Gastric outlet obstruction(MSLV)

-Define gastric outlet obstruction and list its common causes
-Discuss the clinical features of Gastric outlet obstruction
-Enumerate complications of Gastric outlet obstruction
-Discuss diagnostic tools, including upper GI endoscopy, barium meal, ultrasound, and CT in case of gastric outlet obstruction
-Differentiate benign causes (peptic ulcer disease, pyloric stenosis) from malignant causes (gastric cancer, pancreatic tumours)
-Describe surgical options, for Gastric outlet obstruction management
-Discuss the scope of Homoeopathy along with relevant homoeopathic therapeutics in the management of gastric outlet obstruction

Hematemesis(MSLV)

-Define hematemesis
-List the common causes of hematemesis
-Recognize the clinical features and associated symptoms
-Explain the management of acute hematemesis
-Describe the endoscopic techniques for managing hematemesis
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for Haematemesis

Carcinoma of stomach/Gastric Carcinoma(MSLV)

-Explain the epidemiology and risk factors of CA stomach
-List the etiological factors of gastric carcinoma
-Describe the pathological types of gastric carcinoma
-Recognize the clinical features of gastric carcinoma, such as weight loss, anaemia, and epigastric pain
-Explain diagnostic approaches, including endoscopy, biopsy, imaging (CT/MRI), and tumour markers
-Outline the TNM staging of gastric carcinoma and its clinical significance
-Recognize complications of gastric carcinoma, such as obstruction, perforation, and bleeding
-Describe treatment options for Carcinoma of stomach
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for Carcinoma of stomach

Ulcerative colitis(MSLV)

-Define ulcerative colitis and differentiate it from other inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)
-Describe the aetiology and risk factors of ulcerative colitis
-Explain the pathogenesis and pathology of ulcerative colitis
-Identify the clinical features of ulcerative colitis, such as diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, and abdominal pain
-Discuss extraintestinal manifestations of ulcerative colitis
-Discuss the complications of ulcerative colitis, such as toxic megacolon, perforation, and colorectal cancer
-Explain the role of diagnostic tools, including colonoscopy, histopathology, and imaging studies in ulcerative colitis
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for ulcerative colitis

Ischemic colitis(MSØV)

-Define ischemic colitis
-Describe the etiological factors and risk factors for ischemic colitis
-Recognize the clinical features of ischemic colitis
-Discuss the classification of ischemic colitis, including transient, chronic, and gangrenous forms
-Describe the differential diagnosis of ischemic colitis
-Discuss complications of ischemic colitis
-Outline diagnostic approaches in cases of ischemic colitis

Crohn’s disease(MSLV)

-Define Crohn’s disease and describe its epidemiology
-Explain the aetiology and risk factors for Crohn’s disease
-Describe the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease
-Discuss the clinical manifestations of Crohn’s disease
-Discuss extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease
-Outline the diagnostic methods for Crohn’s disease
-Differentiate Crohn’s disease from ulcerative colitis and other causes of chronic diarrhoea
-Recognize complications, such as abscess formation, obstruction, and increased colorectal cancer risk in Crohn’s disease
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Crohn’s disease

Intussusception(MSØV)

-Define intussusception and explain its epidemiology, including common age groups affected
-Explain the pathophysiology of intussusception
-Identify the clinical features of intussusception, including intermittent abdominal pain, bloody stools, and palpable mass
-Discuss the diagnostic approaches, including ultrasonography and other imaging studies
-Explain complications of intussusception
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for intussusception

Peutz Jeghers syndrome(MSØV)

-Describe Peutz Jeghers syndrome

Carcinoid tumour(MSØV)

-Describe Carcinoid tumour

Small Bowel Malignancy(MSLV)

-Classify small intestinal malignancies
-Describe the epidemiology, including incidence and risk factors
-Explain the pathophysiology of malignant tumours in the small intestine including tumour progression and metastasis
-Discuss the clinical features of small intestine malignancies
-Discuss diagnostic approaches, including imaging (CT, MRI, PET), endoscopy, and biopsy in small bowel malignancies
-Describe complications associated with malignant tumours of the small intestine
-Discuss prognostic factors in small bowel malignancies
-Outline the treatment options, including surgery in small bowel malignancies

Intestinal polyposis(MSLV)

-Define intestinal polyposis and classify its types (Inflammatory, Metaplastic, Hamartomatous, Neoplastic)
-Describe the epidemiology and risk factors of intestinal polyposis, including genetic conditions
-Describe the clinical features of intestinal polyposis
-Discuss the diagnostic approaches, including colonoscopy, biopsy, and imaging techniques in intestinal polyposis
-Outline the management strategies in intestinal polyposis
-Describe the complications of untreated intestinal polyposis
-Discuss the therapeutics for intestinal polyposis

Large intestinal malignancy(MSLV)

-Describe the epidemiology and risk factors of large intestinal malignancies
-Explain the pathology of large intestinal malignancy
-Discuss the clinical features such as altered bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and anaemia in colon cancer
-Discuss diagnostic approaches of colon cancer including imaging studies and biopsy
-Describe the staging systems (e.g., TNM) and their importance in prognosis and management large intestinal malignancy
-Discuss complications of large intestinal malignancy such as obstruction, perforation, and metastasis
-Outline treatment modalities, including surgery for malignancies of large intestine
-Explain preventive measures, including screening protocols (e.g., colonoscopy, faecal occult blood testing) for malignancies of large intestine
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for large intestinal malignancies

Intestinal diverticula(MSLV)

-Define intestinal diverticula and classify them
-Describe the epidemiology and risk factors for diverticula
-Explain the pathophysiology of diverticula formation and complications like diverticulitis and perforation
-Discuss the clinical presentation and complications of diverticulitis, including abscess, fistula, and obstruction
-Explain diagnostic approaches, including CT scan, colonoscopy, and contrast studies in detecting diverticula
-Outline management of uncomplicated diverticula
-Describe surgical management of complicated diverticulitis
-Discuss preventive strategies for diverticular disease, including lifestyle modifications and dietary recommendations

Meckel’s diverticulum(MSØV)

-Describe Meckel’s diverticulum

Colostomy/Ileostomy(MSØV)

-Define colostomy and describe its types (e.g., loop, end, and doublebarrel colostomy)
-Explain indications for colostomy
-Describe the surgical techniques for creating colostomy and stomas
-Discuss the complications of colostomy and stomas
-Discuss the role of follow-up care and rehabilitation in colostomy patients
-Outline postoperative care, including stoma care, appliance management, and infection prevention

Barium enema(MSØV)

-Understand the indications for performing a barium enema in gastrointestinal (GI) disorders
-Explain the contraindications, risks, and complications of a barium enema
-Demonstrate knowledge of preparation protocols for patients undergoing a barium enema
-Describe the step by-step procedure of a barium enema, including equipment and contrast medium used
-Identify normal and abnormal findings on a barium enema, including strictures, polyps, diverticula, volvulus, and malignancies

Intestinal obstruction(MSLV)

-Define intestinal obstruction and classify it (e.g., mechanical vs. functional obstruction)
-Describe the common causes of intestinal obstruction (e.g., adhesions, hernias, tumours, volvulus, intussusception)
-Explain the pathophysiology of intestinal obstruction, including the consequences of bowel ischemia and perforation
-Discuss the clinical features of intestinal obstruction
-Describe the signs of strangulated obstruction and its urgency
-Discuss the role of imaging (e.g., X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan) in diagnosing intestinal obstruction
-Outline the initial management of intestinal obstruction, including resuscitation and decompression
-Describe the indications for surgical intervention in intestinal obstruction
-Discuss the homoeopathic treatment for intestinal obstruction

Volvulus(MSØV)

-Define Volvulus and classify its types(Volvulus of small intestine, Caecal Volvulus, Sigmoid volvulus)
-Describe the clinical features of volvulus
-Discuss the role of imaging techniques (e.g., abdominal X-ray, CT scan, contrast enema) in diagnosing volvulus
-Explain the management of volvulus

Paralytic ileus(MSØV)

-Describe paralytic ileus, its causes clinical features and management

Hirschsprung’s disease(MSØV)

-Describe Hirschsprung’s disease

Abdominal tuberculosis(MSØV)

-Describe the pathophysiology of abdominal TB, including its spread and effects on various organs
-Explain the clinical features of abdominal tuberculosis
-Discuss the role of laboratory investigations in diagnosing abdominal TB
-Explain the imaging modalities used in abdominal TB diagnosis and management
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for abdominal tuberculosis

Appendicitis(MSLV)

-Describe the epidemiology and aetiology of appendicitis
-Explain the pathology of appendicitis, including inflammation, infection, and perforation
-Describe the clinical features of appendicitis
-Describe the clinical examination findings in appendicitis and signs to elicit in appendicitis (Pointing sign, Rovsing’s sign, Psoas sign, Obturator sign)
-Perform clinical examinations to identify signs of appendicitis
-Discuss the role of laboratory tests and imaging (ultrasound) in diagnosing appendicitis
-Discuss the differential diagnoses for right iliac fossa pain
-Describe the indications and techniques for surgical intervention in appendicitis
-Recognize complications of appendicitis
-Discuss the scope of homoeopathic treatment in appendicitis with relevant therapeutics

Clinical examination – Acute abdomen(MSLV)

-Define acute abdomen and describe its causes
-Understand the pathophysiology of pain in acute abdomen, including visceral and somatic pain
-Take a detailed history, focusing on pain characteristics, associated symptoms, and relevant medical history
-Perform a thorough physical examination, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the abdomen
-Recognize key clinical signs, including rebound tenderness, guarding, Murphy’s sign, and Rovsing’s sign
-Formulate a differential diagnosis for acute abdomen based on clinical findings
-Discuss the role of laboratory tests in evaluating acute abdomen
-Describe the indications and interpretation of imaging studies (e.g., X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan) in acute abdomen
-Recognize red flags and indications for surgical intervention in cases of acute abdomen

Examination of chronic abdomen(MØØV)

-Define chronic abdominal conditions and describe their common causes
-Obtain a comprehensive history for chronic abdominal conditions, including pain characteristics, duration, and associated symptoms
-Perform a detailed abdominal examination, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation with a focus on chronic conditions
-Identify and interpret specific signs associated with chronic abdominal conditions (e.g., organomegaly, abdominal masses, ascites)
-Formulate differential diagnoses for chronic abdominal pain based on clinical findings
-Discuss the role of laboratory investigations (e.g., liver function tests, kidney function tests, haematological parameters) in chronic abdominal conditions
-Describe imaging modalities (e.g., ultrasound, CT scan, MRI) used in evaluating chronic abdominal conditions and their indications
-Explain the importance of endoscopic evaluations (e.g., upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy) in chronic abdominal conditions

Examination of abdominal lump(MØØV)

-List common causes of abdominal lumps
-Describe the anatomy relevant to abdominal lump examination (e.g., quadrants, planes, landmarks)
-Classify abdominal lumps based on location and underlying pathology
-Perform a systematic clinical examination of an abdominal lump
-Distinguish between intraabdominal and abdominal wall lumps
-Identify features suggestive of malignancy in abdominal lump
-Discuss the role of imaging modalities in evaluating abdominal lumps
-Explain the laboratory investigations for abdominal lumps
-Formulate a differential diagnosis of abdominal lumps based on their location in specific quadrants of abdomen and other clinical findings

rectum & Anal Canal

Anatomy of rectum and anal canal Structural components and vascular supply(MSLV)

-Describe vascular and lymphatic supply of rectum and anal canal
-Explain anatomical relationships with surrounding structures
-Identify methods for rectal examination (e.g., DRE, proctoscopy)
-Explain examination techniques such as proctoscopy and anoscopy
-Investigation-Proctoscopy Examination: Rectum and anal canal
-Discuss the indications and contraindications Proctoscopy Conduct thorough examination of rectum and anal canal and write Relate findings to rectal diseases
-Homeopathic therapeutics for presenting conditions of common Ano-rectal diseases

Fissure in Ano(MSLV)

-Discuss etiopathogenesis and clinical features
-Explain nonsurgical and surgical treatments

Piles/ Haemorrhoids(MSØV)

-Explain vascular anatomy of hemorrhoidal plexus
-Differentiate internal vs external haemorrhoids
-Describe the etiopathogenesis, clinical features & management
-Discuss interventions (banding, sclerotherapy)

Pruritus Ani(MSØV)

-Identify causes such as infections, irritants, or systemic diseases
-Explain diagnostic approaches and management strategies

Prolapse of Rectum(MSØV)

-Classify rectal prolapse (partial vs complete)
-Discuss surgical and non-surgical management options

Fistula in Ano(MSØV)

-Discuss causes and clinical features of fistula in ano
-Explain diagnostic approaches and management strategies

Ano-rectal Abscess(MSØV)

-Discuss etiopathogenesis and clinical features
-Relate lymphatic drainage to abscess spread
-Describe surgical drainage and postoperative care

Hernias

Introduction(MSLV)

-Define Hernia
-Enumerate the causes of hernia
-Discuss the clinical classification of hernias
-Discuss the principles of management of hernias
-Discuss the operative approaches to hernias

Inguinal hernia(MSLV)

-Describe the basic anatomy of inguinal canal
-Discuss the types, clinical presentation and diagnosis of inguinal hernia
-Discuss the surgical management of inguinal hernia

Femoral hernia(MSLV)

-Describe the basic anatomy of femoral canal
-Discuss the clinical features and diagnosis of femoral hernia
-Discuss the surgical management of Femoral hernia

Umbilical hernia(MSLV)

-Describe the various types of umbilical hernia
-Discuss the clinical features and diagnosis Umbilical hernia

Epigastric hernia(MSLV)

-Explain the pathology of epigastric hernia
-Describe the clinical features of epigastric hernia

Incisional hernia(MSLV)

-Describe etiology of incisional hernia
-Discuss the clinical features of incisional hernia
-Discuss the management of incisional hernia

Spigelian hernia(MSØV)

-Explain spigelian hernia

Lumbar hernia(MSØV)

-Explain lumbar hernia

Traumatic hernia(MSØV)

-Explain traumatic hernia

Obturator hernia(MSØV)

-Explain obturator hernia

Homoeopathic Management Of Hernia(MSLV)

-Discuss the Homoeopathic Therapeutics for Hernia

Hernia Examination(ØØØV)

-Demonstrate examination of hernia

➥ Diseases of Liver, Spleen, Gall Bladder & Bile Duct

Liver

Anatomy of liver(MSØV)

-Describe the gross anatomy of the liver, including its lobes, surfaces, and segments
-Explain the blood supply to the liver, including the hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic veins
-interpret anatomical relationships of the liver with surrounding structures (e.g., diaphragm, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas)

Acute and Chronic liver insufficiency / Acute liver failure & Chronic liver failure(MSLV)

-Define liver insufficiency and distinguish between acute and chronic liver insufficiency
-Describe the pathophysiology of Liver insufficiency
-Interpret diagnostic tests (e.g., liver function tests, coagulation profile, imaging) used to assess liver insufficiency
-Discuss complications of liver insufficiency, such as hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, and hepatorenal syndrome
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for liver insufficiency

Imaging of the liver(MSØV)

-Explain the role of ultrasound in liver diseases, particularly for detecting liver masses, fatty liver, and ascites
-Explain the role of CT and MRI in diagnosing liver pathologies, such as tumours, cirrhosis, and vascular abnormalities
-Interpret imaging findings from liver CT and MRI scans, including tumours, cysts, and vascular structures
-Explain the technique, indications, and complications of ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) and PTC (Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography)
-Describe the role of angiography in liver diseases, particularly in assessing and managing hepatic artery and portal vein disorders

Liver trauma(MSØV)

-Understand the types of liver trauma, including blunt and penetrating injuries, and their common causes (e.g., motor vehicle accidents, stab wounds)
-Explain the clinical signs and symptoms of liver trauma
-Interpret imaging modalities used in liver trauma, including Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma, CT scan, and angiography
-Discuss the management of liver trauma

Portal hypertension and oesophageal varices(MSLV

-Define portal hypertension and oesophageal varices, and describe their common aetiologies
-Explain the pathophysiology of portal hypertension and how it leads to oesophageal varices formation
-Describe the clinical signs and symptoms related to portal hypertension
-Explain the role of diagnostic modalities in detecting oesophageal varices, including endoscopy, Doppler ultrasound, and cross-sectional imaging
-Describe the management of variceal bleeding

Budd Chiari Syndrome(MSØV)

-Describe Budd-Chiari syndrome

Caroli’s disease(MSØV)

-Describe Caroli’s disease

Benign liver tumours(MSLV)

-Understand the classification of benign liver tumours (e.g., haemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia [FNH], hepatic adenoma)
-Recognize the clinical features of benign liver tumours, including asymptomatic presentations, right upper quadrant pain, hepatomegaly etc
-Interpret imaging findings (ultrasound, CT, MRI) and differentiate benign liver tumours based on radiological characteristics (e.g., haemangioma with peripheral enhancement)

Hepatocellular carcinoma(MSLV)

-Define hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) (Primary liver cancer)
-Explain the risk factors for HCC, such as chronic hepatitis B and C infections, cirrhosis, alcohol use, aflatoxin exposure, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
-Explain the clinical features of HCC
-Interpret diagnostic investigations for HCC, including liver function tests, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ultrasound, CT, MRI, and liver biopsy findings

Sclerosing Cholangitis(MSØV)

-Describe primary sclerosing cholangitis

Pyogenic liver abscess(MSØV)

-Explain the pathophysiology of pyogenic liver abscess, including the routes of bacterial spread
-Discuss the clinical presentation of pyogenic liver abscess
-Explain the diagnostic approach for pyogenic liver abscess including imaging techniques and laboratory tests
-Explain the indications for percutaneous drainage, surgical intervention, and conservative management in the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess
-Discuss the potential complications of pyogenic liver abscess
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for liver abscess

Amoebic liver abscess(MSØV)

-Discuss the epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess, including geographic distribution, transmission routes, and risk factors
-Describe the clinical features of amoebic liver abscess
-Explain the diagnostic criteria for amoebic liver abscess, including laboratory investigations and imaging techniques
-Compare the differential diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess with other liver diseases (e.g., pyogenic liver abscess, hydatid cyst)
-Explain the role of drainage procedures in the management of amoebic liver
-Discuss potential complications of untreated amoebic liver abscess, such as rupture, peritonitis, and pleuropulmonary involvement

Hydatid liver disease(MSØV)

-Describe Hydatid liver disease

Hepatomegaly(MSØV)

-List the common causes of hepatomegaly
-Compare and contrast benign causes of hepatomegaly (e.g., simple hepatic cysts) with malignant causes (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma, metastases)

Examination of liver(ØØØV)

-Identify the anatomical location of the liver and its surface markings
-Describe the steps in the physical examination of the liver, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation
-Perform palpation of the liver to assess for liver size, tenderness, and surface texture
-Correlate liver examination findings with potential liver diseases

Hydatid liver disease(MSØV)

-Describe Hydatid liver disease

Gallbladder and Biliary system

Anatomy and Investigation of Gallbladder and Biliary system(MSØV)

-Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder and biliary system
-Explain the indications for imaging studies in suspected gallbladder and biliary disease
-Explain the role of liver function tests (LFTs) in assessing biliary obstruction and differentiating between hepatic and post-hepatic causes of jaundice
-Explain the role of ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) and MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography) in diagnosing and managing biliary obstruction

Gallstone(MSØV)

-Define gallstones and describe the types (cholesterol stones, pigment stones, mixed stones) and their composition
-Describe the risk factors for gallstone formation
-Identify the clinical features of gallstones, such as biliary colic, jaundice, and nausea

Cholecystitis(MSØV)

-Describe the aetiology of cholecystitis, including gallstone-related and acalculous
-Identify and describe clinical features of acute and chronic cholecystitis, including right hypochondrium pain, fever, jaundice, and Murphy’s sign
-Perform a clinical examination in suspected cholecystitis, focusing on abdominal examination and assessing Murphy’s sign
-Describe the diagnostic approach in cholecystitis, including lab tests (CBC, LFTs) and imaging (ultrasound as first-line modality)
-Outline the management of chronic cholecystitis, including elective cholecystectomy and lifestyle modifications
-Describe potential complications of cholecystitis, such as gangrene, perforation, and biliary peritonitis
-Counsel patients on lifestyle modifications and postoperative care following cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Cholecystitis

Choledocholithiasis(MSØV)

-Define choledocholithiasis and describe its types (primary vs. secondary stones) and composition
-Explain the aetiology and risk factors for choledocholithiasis, including gallstones, infections, and bile stasis
-Identify the clinical manifestations of bile duct stones, such as biliary colic, jaundice, and fever (Charcot’s triad)
-Explain the diagnostic approach in choledocholithiasis, including laboratory tests (LFTs) and initial imaging (ultrasound)
-Describe advanced imaging options like MRCP and ERCP for choledocholithiasis, and their indications in complex cases
-Describe the complications of choledocholithiasis

Biliary strictures(MSØV)

-Describe the causes and risk factors for biliary strictures
-Explain the pathophysiology of biliary strictures and their effect on bile flow and liver function
-Describe the clinical manifestations of biliary strictures
-Explain the role of advanced imaging modalities like MRCP and ERCP in evaluating and diagnosing biliary strictures
-Discuss the therapeutic role of ERCP in biliary strictures, including stricture dilation and stent placement
-Describe complications of untreated biliary strictures, such as cholangitis, liver abscess, and secondary biliary cirrhosis

Surgical jaundice(MSLV)

-Define surgical jaundice
-Describe the causes of surgical jaundice
-Explain the pathophysiology of surgical jaundice, focusing on obstruction and cholestasis
-Identify the clinical manifestations of surgical jaundice, including jaundice, pruritus, abdominal pain, and fever (in cases of cholangitis)
-Describe Courvoisier’s Law and explain its significance in differentiating causes of surgical jaundice, specifically between malignant and benign causes of bile duct obstruction
-Describe the diagnostic workup, including liver function tests and basic imaging (ultrasound), and explain the role of advanced imaging like MRCP and CT in assessing biliary strictures and tumours in surgical jaundice
-Describe complications of untreated surgical jaundice

Carcinoma of gallbladder(MSLV)

-Describe the risk factors for gallbladder cancer, including gallstones, chronic inflammation, and lifestyle factors
-Explain the pathophysiology of gallbladder carcinoma and the stages of progression
-Describe the clinical manifestations of CA gallbladder
-Describe initial diagnostic workup, including liver function tests and tumour markers
-Explain the role of advanced imaging (USG,CT, MRI, MRCP, PET) in assessing tumour stage, spread, of the Gallbladder carcinoma
-Outline the TNM staging system for gallbladder carcinoma and its clinical significance
-Recognize the complications and prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Carcinoma of gallbladder

spleen

Splenomegaly(MSLV)

-Describe the anatomy and physiology of the spleen relevant to splenomegaly
-List the causes of splenomegaly
-Discuss the clinical manifestations and symptoms associated with splenomegaly, such as fullness, pain, and hypersplenism signs
-Describe the initial diagnostic workup, including CBC, liver function tests, and imaging (ultrasound, CT)
-Explain the role of advanced diagnostic tools like bone marrow biopsy, splenic biopsy, and MRI for further
evaluation
-Perform a physical examination of the abdomen, focusing on palpating and percussing an enlarged spleen
-Discuss the therapeutics for Splenomegaly

Splenic artery aneurysm(MSØV)

-List risk factors for splenic artery aneurysms
-Describe common clinical manifestations of splenic artery aneurysms
-Explain the diagnostic approach for splenic artery aneurysms
-Discuss the surgical and non-surgical management of splenic artery aneurysm

Splenic infarction(MSØV)

-List common causes and risk factors of splenic infarction
-Describe the clinical signs and symptoms associated with splenic infarction Describe diagnostic approaches, including lab tests and imaging techniques in splenic infarction
-Discuss the surgical indications in splenic infarction

Splenic abscess(MSØV)

-List the common causes and risk factors for splenic abscess, including infections, trauma, and immunocompromised states
-Describe the pathophysiology of abscess formation in the spleen
-Identify clinical manifestations of splenic abscess, including fever, left upper quadrant pain, and systemic symptoms
-Discuss the role of laboratory investigations and imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of splenic abscess
-Discuss the management of splenic abscess including indications of surgical indications
-Identify complications of splenic abscess, including rupture, sepsis, and fistula formation

Homoeopathic therapeutics for diseases of spleen(MSØV)

-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for various affections of spleen

Pancreas

Anatomy and Investigation of Pancreas(MSØV)

-Describe the anatomical and physiological aspects of the pancreas relevant to its diseases
-List common pancreatic diseases, including acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts, and neoplasms
-Explain the role of blood tests, including serum amylase, lipase, glucose, and tumour markers (e.g., CA 19-9), in diagnosing pancreatic diseases
-Discuss the indications and limitations of imaging modalities like ultrasound (USG), CT scan, MRI, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for pancreatic diseases
-Explain the utility of advanced techniques such as MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography) and ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) in diagnosing pancreatic pathologies

Acute Pancreatitis(MSLV)

-Define acute pancreatitis and describe its incidence, aetiology, and risk factors
-Explain the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis, including enzymatic autodigestion and inflammatory responses
-Identify clinical features of acute pancreatitis, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and systemic symptom
-Discuss laboratory investigations, including serum amylase, lipase, and inflammatory markers, in diagnosing acute pancreatitis
-Describe the role of imaging modalities (e.g., USG, CT, MRI) in diagnosing and assessing complications of acute pancreatitis
-Discuss the complications of acute pancreatitis, such as necrosis, pseudocyst formation, and organ failure
-Describe indications for endoscopic interventions(ERCP), and surgical approaches in acute pancreatitis
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for acute Pancreatitis

Chronic Pancreatitis(MSLV)

-Define chronic pancreatitis and describe its epidemiology and risk factors
-Explain the pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis, including recurrent inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of pancreatic function
-Explain the clinical features, including recurrent abdominal pain, malabsorption, and diabetes
-Discuss laboratory investigations, such as serum amylase, lipase, faecal elastase, and blood glucose levels, in diagnosing chronic pancreatitis
-Describe the role of imaging modalities, such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, and MRCP, in diagnosing structural changes in chronic pancreatitis
-Explain the importance of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and ERCP in identifying ductal changes and complications of chronic pancreatitis
-Discuss the indications and techniques for endoscopic or surgical interventions, such as pancreatic duct stenting
-Recognize complications of chronic pancreatitis, including pseudocysts, biliary obstruction, and pancreatic cancer
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for chronic Pancreatitis

Carcinoma of Pancreas

-Describe its epidemiology, risk factors, pathology and progression of Carcinoma of pancreas
-Identify clinical features, including abdominal pain, jaundice, weight loss, and diabetes onset
-Discuss laboratory investigations, including tumour markers like CA 19-9, liver function tests, and blood glucose levels
-Describe imaging modalities such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET-CT in diagnosing and staging pancreatic carcinoma
-Outline the TNM staging system and its importance in pancreatic cancer prognosis
-Describe surgical approaches, including the Whipple procedure and distal pancreatectomy, and their indications
-Recognize complications of pancreatic carcinoma, such as biliary obstruction, duodenal obstruction, and metastasis
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Carcinoma of pancreas

➥ Diseases of Thorax, Heart & Pericardium

Thorax, heart and pericardium

Pleural effusion and pleural tapping(MSLV)

-Describe the anatomy of the pleural cavity and its relevance
-Discuss the cause of pleural effusion
-Explain indications, contraindications, and complications pleural tapping
-Interpret pleural fluid findings for diagnosis
-Discuss the homoeopathic management of pleural effusion

Bronchoscopy(MSØV)

-Describe bronchial anatomy and its relevance
-Explain indications and contraindications

Flail chest and stove-in chest(MSØV)

-Define and describe flail chest
-Explain biomechanics of paradoxical movement
-Plan stabilization techniques

Manage Pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax(MSLV)

-Define pneumothorax and its types
-Explain pathophysiology of tension pneumothorax
-Discuss the management of tension pneumothorax

Investigate and manage haemothorax(MSØV)

-Describe pathophysiology and clinical presentation
-Plan treatment including intercostal drainage

Investigate and treat empyema thoracis(MSØV)

-Explain stages of empyema development
-Discuss the management of empyema

Manage lung abscess(MSØV)

-Explain pathogenesis and radiologic features
-Discuss indications for surgical drainage

Intercostal tube drainage(ICD)(MSØV)

-Explain indications and steps of ICD
-Observe/Perform ICD on a mannequin

ARDS(MSØV)

-Define ARDS and its aetiology
-Explain ventilatory management strategies

Pulmonary embolism(MSLV)

-Explain causes pathophysiology and clinical features
-Explain diagnostic modalities

Surgical emphysema(MSØV)

-Explain causes and imaging features
-Discuss the management of surgical emphysema

Lung cysts(MSØV)

-Define types and explain radiologic features
-Discuss indications for resection

Mediastinal tumours(MSLV)

-Classify mediastinal tumours (thymoma, lymphoma, etc.)
-Describe diagnostic modalities & differential diagnosis (CT, biopsy)
-Outline treatment, including indications of surgery and chemotherapy

Pancoast tumours(MSØV)

-Define Pancoast tumours and list clinical features
-Explain superior vena cava syndrome and its management
-Explain indications of surgical management

Chest wall tumours(MSLV)

-Classify chest wall tumours and describe clinical features
-Discuss indications of surgical management

Acute & chronic pericarditis(MSØV)

-Define pericarditis and its types
-Explain complications & management
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for pericarditis

Cardiac tamponade(MSØV)

-Describe pathophysiology and clinical features
-Perform /Observe pericardiocentesis under supervision

Identify congenital cardiac anomalies(MSØV)

-Explain ASD, VSD, PDA, Coarctation of Aorta and Tetralogy of Fallot
-Discuss the complications, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches

Valvular heart diseases(MSLV)

-List common valvular disorders and their aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, & complications
-Explain management including surgical interventions
-Discuss the role of homoeopathy in the management of Valvular heart diseases

Diaphragmatic hernias(MSØV)

-Describe congenital and acquired hernias
-Discuss the indications for surgical repair

Examination of disease of chest(ØØØV)

-Define and classify diseases of the chest
-Identify symptoms and clinical presentations associated with chest diseases
-Perform a systematic clinical examination of the chest, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation
-Correlate clinical findings with specific chest diseases
-Identify red flag signs in chest diseases requiring urgent intervention
-Propose an initial diagnostic and management plan for chest diseases

➥ Diseases of Breast

Breast

Describe the anatomy of the breast(MSØV)

-Identify lobes, ducts, and connective tissue of the breast
-Describe vascular and lymphatic supply
-Relate anatomy to common breast diseases

Mammography: Diagnostic and screening utility(MSØV)

-Interpret mammography findings
-Discuss indications and limitations of mammography
-Differentiate between screening and diagnostic mammography

Aberration of Normal Development and Involution(MSLV)

-Define Aberration of Normal Development and Involution(ANDI) and its subtypes
-Clinical features and diagnostic tools including Imaging
-Discuss clinical presentations and diagnostic tools
-Explain Homeopathic therapeutics for ANDI

Fibroadenosis and Fibrocystic Disease(MSLV)

-Define & Differentiate between fibroadenosis and fibrocystadenosis
-Describe Etiopathogenesis for Fibroadenosis and Fibrocystic Disease
-Describe clinical features of Fibroadenosis and Fibrocystic Disease
-Describe investigations for Fibroadenosis and Fibrocystic Disease
-Discuss management strategies, including homeopathy

Phyllodes Tumour(MSLV)

-Define & Classify phyllodes tumour
-Describe clinical features & investigations
-Discuss management strategies, including homeopathy

Mastalgia(MSLV)

-Identify types of mastalgia (cyclical, non-cyclical)
-Correlate mastalgia with hormonal changes
-Explain treatment approaches
-Discuss homeopathic management for cyclical mastalgia

Traumatic Fat Necrosis(MSØV)

-Explain causes and clinical findings of fat necrosis
-Discuss imaging findings and differential diagnoses
-Outline management strategies
-Discuss homeopathic management for cyclical mastalgia

Galactocele(MSØV)

-Define galactocele
-Discuss clinical and imaging findings
-Discuss the homeopathic treatments for galactocele

Mastitis & Antibioma(MSØV)

-Differentiate between infective and noninfective mastitis
-Describe Antibioma
-Discuss diagnostic methods of mastitis
-Explain medical and surgical management options of mastitis
-Discuss homeopathic options for mastitis management

Duct Ectasia(MSØV)

-Identify clinical presentations and imaging findings

Mondor’s Disease(MSØV)

-Explain the management of superficial thrombophlebitis (Mondor’s disease)

Breast Cysts(MSØV)

-Define & Classify Breast Cysts
-Differentiate simple and complex cysts
-Explain imaging and aspiration techniques
-Discuss homeopathic treatments for breast cysts

Galactorrhoea(MSØV)

-Explain hormonal and systemic causes of galactorrhoea

Gynaecomastia(MSØV)

-Define Gynaecomastia
-Enumerate the causes of Gynaecomastia
-Discuss surgical and medical treatment options
-Outline homeopathic approaches to treating gynaecomastia

Mammary Fistula(MSØV)

-Explain causes and clinical presentation of mammary fistula

Carcinoma Breast(MSLV)

-Classify carcinoma of the breast
-Explain the risk factors and etiopathogenesis of breast cancer
-Identify the clinical features of breast cancer, including symptoms and signs
-Outline the role of diagnostic tools such as Mammogram, Ultrasound and biopsy
-Explain the staging of breast cancer based on TNM classification
-Discuss the treatment options
-Discuss the complications of breast cancer and its treatments
-Discuss homeopathic remedies for carcinoma breast

Male Breast Carcinoma(MSØV)

-Recognize symptoms and diagnostic signs
-Discuss causes, diagnostic techniques, and management
-Outline homeopathic approaches to male breast carcinoma

Breast Examination(MSØV)

-List common conditions affecting the breast both benign and malignant lesions
-Describe the clinical features of breast diseases
-Explain the indications and techniques of breast examination
-Observe breast examination
-Examine the axillary, supraclavicular, and infraclavicular lymph nodes
-Identify clinical findings suggestive of malignancy
-Correlate examination findings with imaging studies and biopsy results

➥ Diseases of Urogenital System

Investigations in urology

Urine examination(MSØV)

-Define the indications of urine examination
-Discuss urine examination – Microscopic, cytological, bacteriological, and biochemical examination
-Discuss the clinical significance of abnormal urine findings

Blood examination(MØØV)

-Describe the common renal function tests including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen
-Interpret the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and their clinical significance

Xray KUB examination(MSØV)

-Define the purpose and indications of plain Xray KUB examination
-Discuss the normal and abnormal findings on a plain X-ray KUB including identifying renal calculi, bowel gas pattern and organ size etc
-Interpret Plain X-ray KUB findings in clinical context such as renal calculi, urinary tract obstruction

Intravenous Urography(MSØV)

-Define the indications of intravenous urography
-Describe the procedure of intravenous urography
-Discuss the normal and abnormal radiological findings on a Intravenous urography examination

Retrograde Urogram(MSØV)

-Define retrograde urogram
-Describe the indications of retrograde urogram
-Describe the technique of retrograde ureteropyelography(retrograde urogram)
-Describe the normal and abnormal findings on retrograde urogram including identifying urinary tract obstruction, calculi and anatomical abnormalities

Ultrasonography(MSØV)

-Discuss the importance of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of various diseases of urogenital system

Kidney & Ureter

Haematuria(MSØV)

-Enumerate the causes of Haematuria
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for Haematuria

Horseshoe kidney(MSØV)

-Describe horseshoe kidney
-Explain the clinical significance of horseshoe kidney
-Discuss the radiological modalities used in diagnosis of horseshoe kidney and radiological findings in horseshoe kidney

Polycystic kidney disease(MSØV)

-Define polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
-Describe the pathophysiology of polycystic kidney disease
-Discuss the clinical features of polycystic kidney disease
-Discuss the diagnostic modalities for Polycystic kidney disease
-Discuss the management of Polycystic kidney disease

Renal Calculi(MSLV)

-Describe the causes and risk factors of renal calculi
-Enumerate different type of renal stones
-Discuss the clinical manifestations of renal stones including symptoms and complications
-Explain the diagnostic approach to renal calculi including imaging studies, laboratory tests and urine analysis
-Discuss the management of renal stores including conservative measures and surgical interventions
-Discuss the long-term outcome of renal stones including stone passage, stone recurrence and impact on renal function
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for Renal Calculi

Hydronephrosis(MSLV)

-Define Hydronephrosis
-Enumerate the causes of hydronephrosis
-Describe the pathology of hydronephrosis
-Explain the clinical features of hydronephrosis
-Discuss the diagnostic approach to hydronephrosis including imaging studies
-Discuss the management strategies for hydronephrosis

Ureteric Calculi(MSLV)

-Discuss the pathophysiology of ureteric calculi
-Explain the clinical features of ureteric calculi
-Discuss the diagnostic approach to ureteric calculi including imaging studies
-Discuss the management of ureteric calculi

Acute Pyelonephritis(MSØV)

-Define acute pyelonephritis
-Discuss the etiology and pathology of acute pyelonephritis
-Explain the clinical features of acute pyelonephritis including symptoms, signs and complications
-Discuss the diagnostic approach to acute pyelonephritis including laboratory tests, imaging studies and diagnostic criteria
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for pyelonephritis

Chronic Pyelonephritis(MSØV)

-Describe the clinical features of chronic pyelonephritis
-Discuss the diagnosis and management of chronic pyelonephritis

Pyonephrosis(MSØV)

-Define pyonephrosis
-Discuss the clinical features of pyonephrosis
-Explain the diagnosis and management of pyonephrosis

Renal carbuncle(MSØV)

-Define renal carbuncle
-Discuss the clinical features of renal carbuncle
-Explain the diagnosis and management of renal carbuncle

Wilm’s tumor(MSØV)

-Define Wilm’s tumor
-Explain the pathology of Wilm’s tumor
-Describe the clinical manifestation of Wilm’s tumor including symptoms, and diagnostic findings
-Discuss the management of Wilm’s tumor

Grawitz’s tumor(MSØV)

-Define Grawitz’s tumor
-Explain the pathology of Grawitz’s tumor
-Describe the clinical manifestation of Grawitz’s tumor including symptoms, and diagnostic findings
-Discuss the management of Grawitz’s tumor

Renal cell carcinoma(MSLV)

-Describe the etiology and risk factors of Renal cell carcinoma
-Explain the histopathological features of renal cell carcinoma
-Discuss the clinical presentation of renal cell carcinoma
-Outline the diagnostic modalities used in Renal cell carcinoma
-Evaluate the treatment options for renal cell carcinoma
-Discuss the prognosis and long-term outcome of Renal cell carcinoma
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Ranal tumors

Urinary Bladder

Urine retention(MSLV)

-Enumerate the causes of acute retention of urine
-Explain the clinical presentation of acute retention of urine
-Explain and interpret the diagnostic modalities and tests used to confirm acute urinary retention, including physical examinations and imaging studies
-Discuss the management strategies for acute retention of urine, including catheterization, and surgical interventions

Urethral catheterization(ØSØV)

-Discuss the indications of urethral catheterization
-Observe the correct technique of urethral catheterization
-Describe Foley’s catheter, its size, uses in clinical practice

Urinary incontinence(MSLV)

-Explain the various types of urinary incontinence like stress incontinence, over active bladder, overflow incontinence, neurogenic bladder dysfunction etc
-Discuss the causes of incontinence of urine
-Interpret and analyse diagnostic tests commonly used in assessing urinary incontinence, such as urodynamic studies, cystoscopy, ultrasound, and pelvic floor electromyography(EMG)
Discuss the management
-plan for urinary incontinence, including lifestyle modifications, behavioural therapies, and surgical options if necessary
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for urinary incontinence

Bladder stones(MSLV)

-Describe the composition, formation process, and etiological factors of bladder stones
-Describe the clinical features and symptoms associated with bladder stones and its possible complications
-Interpret and analyse diagnostic tests commonly used in assessing bladder stones, such as urinalysis, abdominal ultrasound, and cystoscopy findings
-Discuss a management plan for bladder stones, including conservative measures medical therapy, and surgical interventions
-Discuss the Homeopathic therapeutics for bladder stones

Diverticulum of the bladder(MSØV)

-Define bladder diverticulum
-Describe the pathology of bladder diverticulum
-Discuss the clinical features and complications of bladder diverticulum

Urinary fistulae(MSØV)

-Describe Vesicovaginal fistulae
-Describe congenital urinary fistulae

Urinary tract infection(MSØV)

-Explain the predisposing factors of urinary tract infection
-Describe the clinical features of lower urinary tract infection
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Lower urinary tract infection
-Describe Interstitial cystitis (Hunner’s ulcer)

Carcinoma of bladder(MSLV)

-Discuss the aetiology of carcinoma of bladder
-Enumerate the different histological types of carcinomas of bladder
-Describe clinical features and TNM classification of Carcinoma of bladder
-Interpret diagnostic tests commonly used in assessing bladder carcinoma, such as urinalysis, urine cytology, imaging studies (CT, MRI), cystoscopy findings (tumour location, appearance), and biopsy results (histopathology, immunohistochemistry)
-Discuss the management of Carcinoma of bladder
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Carcinoma of bladder

Prostate Gland

Prostate and PSA(MSØV)

-Explain the surgical anatomy of prostate gland
-Define PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)
-Describe the physiological role of PSA and its significance as a biomarker for prostate health and disease

BHP/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia -BPH(MSLV)

-Discuss the pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
-Explain the clinical features of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
-Describe the digital rectal examination findings in BHP
-Interpret diagnostic tests commonly used in assessing BPH such as urinary flow rate measurements, urine analysis, and imaging studies (ultrasound)
-Discuss the surgical management of BHP
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics of BHP

Carcinoma of prostate(MSLV)

-Describe the pathology and histological grading of carcinoma of prostate (Gleason Score)
-Describe the clinical features including digital rectal examination findings of Carcinoma of prostate
-Discuss the TNM staging for prostate cancer
-Interpret diagnostic tests commonly used in assessing patients with suspected prostate cancer, such as PSA levels, imaging studies (MRI, CT), biopsy results, bone scans, and lymph node assessments
-Discuss the management of carcinoma of prostate
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for carcinoma of prostate

Prostatitis(ØSØV)

-Discuss the aetiology of acute prostatitis
-Explain the clinical features of prostatitis
-Discuss the clinical features of chronic prostatitis
-Discuss the common diagnostic tests for prostatitis and their interpretations
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for prostatitis

BOO – Bladder outflow obstruction(MSLV)

-Define BOO
-Enumerate the causes of BOO
-Explain the symptoms associated with BOO
-Interpret diagnostic tests commonly used in assessing patients with BOO, such as urinalysis, urine culture, post-void residual (PVR) volume measurement, uroflowmetry, cystoscopy, ultrasound, CT/MRI scans, and urodynamic studies
-Discuss the management plan for patients with BOO including conservative measures and surgical interventions
-Provide patient education and counselling on BOO management, including lifestyle modifications (bladder training, pelvic floor exercises), importance of follow-up care (urodynamic studies, imaging), recognizing and managing complications (UTIs, urinary retention), and when to seek medical attention (red flags)

Urinary cases

Examination of urinary case(MSØV)

-Define the purpose and importance of physical examination in renal cases, including the assessment of renal function, detection of abnormalities, identification of relevant signs and symptoms, and contribution to differential diagnosis
-Demonstrate proficiency in performing an abdominal examination with a focus on kidney palpation, including techniques for assessing kidney size, tenderness, and presence of masses

Male Urethra and Penis

Congenital disorders(MSØV)

-Describe posterior urethral valve
-Describe Hypospadias
-Describe Epispadias
-Describe Urethral diverticulum

Rupture of urethra(MSLV)

-Discuss the aetiology and pathophysiology of rupture of bulbar urethra and membranous urethra
-Explain the clinical features and complications of rupture of bulbar urethra and membranous urethra
-Interpret diagnostic tests and imaging studies for urethral rupture diagnosis
-Discuss the management for urethral rupture

Urethritis(MSØV)

-Enumerate the aetiological factors for urethritis
-Explain the clinical features and complications of urethritis
-Interpret the diagnostic tests and laboratory findings used in the evaluation of urethritis
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for urethritis

Peri urethral abscess(MSØV)

-Describe the types and clinical features of periurethral abscess

Urethral stricture(MSLV)

-Enumerate the cause of stricture urethra
-Explain the pathophysiology of urethral stricture
-Describe the clinical features of stricture urethra
-Interpret the diagnostic tests and imaging studies used in the evaluation of stricture urethra, including urethroscopy, cystoscopy, retrograde urethrography, uroflowmetry, imaging studies like CT scan and MRI scan
-Discuss the management of urethral stricture
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for urethral stricture

Urethral calculi(MSØV)

-Explain the clinical features and treatment of urethral calculi

Phimosis(MSØV)

-Define phimosis
-Discuss the aetiology and pathophysiology of phimosis
-Explain the clinical features and complications of phimosis
-Discuss the management of phimosis
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for phimosis

Paraphimosis(MSØV)

-Describe paraphimosis, its clinical features and management

Balanoposthitis(MSØV)

-Describe Balanoposthitis and its clinical features
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Balanoposthitis

Peyronie’s disease(MSØV)

-Define Peyronie’s disease
-Explain the clinical features and diagnosis of Peyronie’s disease
-Discuss the management of Peyronie’s disease

Penis Priapism(MSØV)

-Define priapism
-Discuss the aetiology and clinical features of priapism
-Discuss the treatment plan for priapism

Carcinoma of Penis(MSLV)

-Enumerate the causes of carcinoma of penis
-Explain the pathology and TNM staging of carcinoma of penis
-Discuss the clinical presentation of carcinoma of penis including precancerous, Bowen’s disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat
-Discuss the treatment of carcinoma of penis

Examination of penis(MSØV)

-Understand the anatomy of the penis, including the corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, urethra, and associated vasculature(MSLV)
-Identify and explain common causes of penile conditions (e.g., phimosis, paraphimosis, Peyronie’s disease, balanitis, trauma, STIs)
-Perform a comprehensive clinical examination of the penis, including inspection and palpation, assessing for lesions, deformities, and discharge
-Differentiate between conditions affecting the penis based on clinical examination findings (e.g., Peyronie’s disease, balanitis, penile cancer)

Scrotum and Testes

Embryology and Anatomy(MSØV)

-Describe the embryological development of testes
-Recognize the external anatomy of the testes and scrotum, including the position of the testes within the scrotal sac, the structure of the scrotal skin, cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and spermatic cord

Undescended testes(MSØV)

-Define undescended testes
-Explain the pathology of undescended testes
-Discuss the clinical features and consequence of undescended testes
-Discuss the surgical management of undescended testes

Retractile testes(MSØV)

-Describe Retractile testes

Torsion of Testes(MSØV)

-Describe the pathophysiology of torsion of testes
-Explain the signs and symptoms of torsion of testes
-Discuss the differential diagnosis of torsion of testes
-Describe the management of torsion of testes

Varicocele(MSØV)

-Define varicocele
-Discuss the aetiology and clinical features of varicocele
-Discuss the effect of Varicocele in spermatogenesis
-Enumerate the treatment options for varicocele

Hydrocele(MSLV)

-Define hydrocele
-Describe the causes, types, clinical presentation and clinical examination findings of hydrocele
-Discuss the management options specific to each type of hydrocele

Fournier’s gangrene(MSØV)

-Define Fournier’s gangrene
-Describe the etiology pathophysiology and rapid progression of Fournier’s gangrene
-Recognize the clinical signs, and symptoms, of Fournier’s gangrene
-Evaluate the management strategies for Fournier’s gangrene

Epididymo-orchitis(MSØV)

-Define Epididymoorchitis
-Enumerate the clinical signs, symptoms, and risk factors associated with epididymo-orchitis
-Discuss the Homoeopathic therapeutics for Epididymo-orchitis

Tumours of testes(MSLV)

-Classify the testicular tumours according to their cellular type
-Describe the pathophysiology and risk factors associated with testicular tumours
-Discuss the clinical features and differential diagnosis of testicular tumours
-Interpret diagnostic tests (e.g., tumor markers, ultrasound, CT scans) for testicular tumours
-Discuss the prognosis, follow-up care, and potential complications in patients with testicular tumours
-Discuss the homoeopathic therapeutics for testicular tumours

Examination of Inguinoscrotal swelling(MSLV)

-Understand the anatomy of the inguinal canal and scrotum
-Explain the common causes of inguinoscrotal swelling
-Perform a systematic clinical examination of inguinoscrotal swelling, including inspection, palpation, and transillumination
-Differentiate between types of inguinoscrotal swellings based on clinical examination findings
-Interpret relevant diagnostic tests (e.g., ultrasound, Doppler studies) in the assessment of inguinoscrotal swelling

Examination of groin swelling(MSLV)

-Understand the anatomy of the groin region, including the inguinal canal, femoral triangle, and lymph nodes(MSLV)
-List and discuss the causes of groin swelling
-Perform a systematic clinical examination of a groin swelling, including inspection, palpation and specific manoeuvre
-Differentiate between the types of groin swellings (e.g., inguinal vs. femoral hernia, cysts, or masses) based on clinical examination findings

Examination of scrotal swelling(MSLV)

-Understand the anatomy of the scrotum and its contents, including the testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord(MSLV)
-List and explain common causes of scrotal swelling (e.g., hydrocele, varicocele, epididymo-orchitis, testicular torsion, tumors)
-Perform a systematic clinical examination of scrotal swelling, including inspection, palpation, and transillumination
-Differentiate between types of scrotal swelling (e.g., hydrocele vs. varicocele, testicular torsion, and tumours) based on clinical examination findings
-Interpret relevant diagnostic tests (e.g., ultrasound, Doppler studies) in the assessment of scrotal swelling