SECOND BHMS
PATHOLOGY-2 QUESTION BANK
question bank according to CBDC syllabus
M - MCQ | S - SAQ | L - LAQ | V - VIVA/PRACTICAL | Ø - NON
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
-Define the terms “Microbiology”, “Medical Microbiology “Clinical Microbiology”(MSØV)
-List the contribution of important scientists to Microbiology(MØØV)
-State the Koch’s postulate(MSØV)
-List the anatomical location of normal bacterial flora in the human body(MSØV)
-Explain the role of human microbiota in health and disease(MSØV)
-Explain the role of probiotics(MSØV)
BACTERIAL STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND NUTRITION
-Explain the morphological characteristics of bacteria(MSØV)
-Classify bacteria based on shape(MSØV)
-Describe the detailed structure of the bacterial cell envelope(MSLV)
-Define flagella(MØØV)
-Describe the types of flagellar arrangement in a bacterial cell(MØØV)
-Describe the structure of bacterial spore(MSØV)
-Describe the types of bacterial spores based on shape, position of spores(MSØV)
-Describe bacterial growth curve(MSØV)
-Describe the classification of bacteria based on energy requirements(MØØV)
-Describe the classification of bacteria based on oxygen requirements(MSØV)
-Describe the classification of bacteria based on temperature requirements(MØØV)
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
-Define ‘Sterilization’, “Disinfection”, “Asepsis”, “Decontamination”, ”Bactericidal agents”, ”Bacteriostatic agents”(MSØV)
-Describe the various methods of sterilization(MSLV)
-Describe the various physical methods of sterilization(MSLV)
-Describe the procedure of sterilization using hot air oven(MSLV)
-Describe the procedure of sterilization using Autoclave(MSLV)
-Explain the uses of Pasteurization in the process of sterilization(MSLV)
-Discuss on various types of chemical agents of sterilization(MSLV)
-State the characteristics of disinfectant(MSLV)
STAINING, CULTURE MEDIAS AND METHODS
-Discuss the various staining methods of bacteria(MSØV)
-Discuss the steps of gram staining(MSØV)
-Classify bacteria based on gram staining property(MSØV)
-Discuss differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria(MSØV)
-Discuss the steps of Acid fast staining(MSØV)
-Describe types of culture media based on consistency with examples(MSLV)
-Describe culture media based on constituents with examples(MSLV)
-Describe culture media based on functional requirement with examples(MSLV)
-Enumerate various methods used for culturing bacteria(MSØV)
-Describe various anaerobic culture methods(MSØV)
INFECTION AND DISEASE
-Define the terms” infection” pathogen, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, Virulence”, infectious disease(MSLV)
-Describe the various types of infections(MSLV)
-Describe the sources of infection(MSLV)
-Describe the methods of transmission of infection(MSLV)
-State the factors influencing virulence of micro-organisms(MSLV)
-Describe the features of exotoxins(MSØV)
-Describe the features of Endotoxins(MSØV)
-Differentiate the features of Exotoxins and Endotoxins(MSØV)
-Describe the classification of infectious diseases(MSØV)
-Define nosocomial infection(MØØV)
-Discuss some common nosocomial infections(MØØV)
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIAS
Staphylococci(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Staphylococci
-List the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus
-Explain the pathogenesis of staphylococcus aureus infections
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcal infections
Pneumococci(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Pneumococci
-Describe the virulence factors of Pneumococci
-Describe the pathogenesis of Pneumococcus
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Pneumococcal infections
Streptococci(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes
-Describe the virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes
-Explain the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pyogenes
-Explain the pathogenesis of post streptococcal sequelae caused by streptococcus pyogenes
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of streptococcal infections
Corynebacterium diphtheriae(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
-Describe the pathogenicity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria
Bacillus anthracis(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Bacillus anthracis
-Describe the pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis
-Describe the clinical features of Human anthrax
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Human anthrax
Bacillus cereus(MØØV)
-Discuss the clinical manifestations of Bacillus cereus
Clostridium tetani(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Clostridium tetani
-Describe pathogenesis of Clostridium tetani
-Explain the Clinical manifestation of tetanus
-Describe the Laboratory diagnosis of tetanus
Clostridium perfringens(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Clostridium perfringens
-Describe the clinical manifestation of Clostridium perfringens
-Describe laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium botulinum(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Clostridium botulinum
-Describe pathogenicity of Clostridium botulinum
-Describe laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium Difficile(MØØV)
-Describe the pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile
GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAS
Neisseria gonorrhoeae(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-Describe the pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Neisseria meningitidis
-Describe the clinical spectrum of meningococcal infections
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria meningitidis
Escherichia coli(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Escherichia coli
-Describe the virulence factors of Escherichia coli
-Describe the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli
-Describe the clinical syndromes caused by Escherichia coli
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Escherichia coli
Shigella(MSØV)
-Describe the pathogenicity of Shigella
-Describe the clinical manifestations of Shigellosis
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Shigellosis
Salmonellae(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Salmonellae
-Describe the antigenic structure of Salmonellae
-State the clinical syndromes caused by Salmonellae in humans
-Describe the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Enteric fever
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Salmonella infection
Klebsiella(MSØV)
-Describe the morphology of Klebsiella pneumonia
-Describe the pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus(MØØV)
-Describe the pathogenicity of Proteus bacilli
Yersinia(MØØV)
-Describe the pathogenicity of Yersinia pestis
Vibrio cholera(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Vibrio cholera
-Describe pathogenesis and clinical features of cholera
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Cholera
Pseudomonas(MØØV)
-Describe the pathogenicity of pseudomonas aeruginosa
H.influenzae(MØØV)
-State the diseases caused by H.influenzae
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of H.influenzae
Bordetella pertussis(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Bordetella pertussis
-Describe the clinical manifestation of B.pertussis
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Bordetella Pertussis
Brucella(MØØV)
-Explain the morphology of Brucella
-Describe the pathogenesis of Brucellosis.
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Brucella
Helicobacter pylori(MØØV)
-Describe the morphology of Helicobacter pylori
-Describe the pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori infection
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection
Rickettsiae(MØØV)
-Discuss the human diseases caused by Rickettsiae group of organism
Chlamydia(MØØV)
-Describe the diseases caused by chlamydia
ACID FAST BACTERIAS
Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Explain the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Describe the pathology of Primary tuberculosis
-Explain pathology of Secondary tuberculosis
-Explain laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterial tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Mycobacterium leprae
-Discuss the pathology of Leprosy
-Differentiate between Lepromatous and Tuberculoid leprosy
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterium Leprae
-Discuss Lepromin test
SPIROCHAETES
Treponema pallidum(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Treponema pallidum
-Describe the pathogenesis of Syphilis
-Describe the clinical manifestations of Syphilis
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis for syphilis
Non venereal treponematoses(MØØV)
-State the three distinct forms of non venereal treponematoses
-Describe the features of Endemic syphilis
-Describe the features of Yaws
-Describe the features of Pinta
Borrelia(MØØV)
-Mention the types of Borrelia
-State the diseases caused by Borrelia
Leptospira(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Leptospira
-Describe pathogenicity of Leptospira
-Describe the clinical manifestations of Leptospirosis
FUNGUS
Fungi(MSØV)
-Fungi State the characteristics of fungi
-Classify fungi based on morphological forms
-Classify fungi based on type of infection
-Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections
-State examples for superficial mycoses
-State four fungi causing Systemic mycoses
-State examples of fungi causing Opportunistic Mycoses
-Describe the pathogenesis of Candidiasis
-Explain the Homoeopathic concept of significance of susceptibility in fungal infections
PARASITOLOGY: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to parasitology(MSØV)
-Define the terms “parasite”, ”Host”
-State the types of parasites with examples
-State the types of Host with examples
-List the three categories of host parasite relationship
-Define the terms Symbiosis, Commensalism, Parasitism
PROTOZOA
Intestinal – Entamoeba histolytica(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Entamoeba histolytica
-Describe the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica
-Describe the clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica
-Enumerate the differences between Amoebic dysentery and Bacillary dysentery
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis
Intestinal – Giardia lamblia(MSØV)
-Describe the morphology of Giardia lamblia
-Describe the life cycle of Giardia lamblia
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical features of Giardia lamblia
Urogenital – Trichomonas vaginalis(MSØV)
-Describe the morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis
-Describe the life cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis
-Describe the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis
Blood and Tissues – plasmodium species(MSLV)
-Explain the life cycle of Plasmodium species
-Describe the pathogenesis Plasmodium species
-Describe the clinical features of malaria
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of malaria
Blood and Tissues – Toxoplasma gondii(MSØV)
-Describe the Mode of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii
-Describe the Pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii
-Describe the Clinical features of human toxoplasmosis
-Describe the Lab diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis
Blood and Tissues – Trypanosoma brucei(MSØV)
-Describe the Trypanosoma brucei
-Describe the Life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei
-Describe the Pathogenicity of Trypanosoma brucei
-Describe the Clinical features of trypanosomiasis
-Describe the Lab diagnosis of trypanosomiasis
Blood and Tissues – Trypanosoma Cruzi(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Trypanosoma Cruzi
-Describe the Life cycle of Trypanosoma Cruzi
-Describe the Pathogenicity of Trypanosoma Cruzi
-Describe the Clinical features of Chagas disease
-Describe the Lab diagnosis of Chagas disease
Blood and Tissues – Leishmania species(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Leishmania donovani
-Describe the Life cycle of Leishmania donovani
-Describe the pathogenicity of Leishmania donovani
-Describe the clinical features of Leishmaniasis
-Describe the Laboratory diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
HELMINTHS
Cestodes – Echinococcus granulosus(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Echinococcus granulosis
-Describe the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosis
-Describe the pathogenesis of Echinococcus granulosis
-Describe the clinical features of hydatid disease
-Describe Laboratory diagnosis of hydatid disease
Cestodes – Taenia saginata and Taenia solium(MSLV)
-Describe the morphological difference between T.saginata and T.solium
-Describe the life cycle of Taenia saginata
-Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical features of taeniasis
-Describe the lab diagnosis of taeniasis
Trematodes – Paragonimus westermani(MØØV)
-Describe the morphology of Paragonimus westermani
-Describe the life cycle of Paragonimus westermani
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical features of Paragonimus westermani
-Describe the lab diagnosis of paragonimiasis
Trematodes – Schistosoma haematobium(MSØV)
-Describe the morphology of Schistosoma haematobium
-Describe the life cycle of Schistosoma haematobium
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical features of Bilharziasis
-Describe the lab diagnosis of Bilharziasis
Trematodes – F.hepatica(MØØV)
-Describe the morphology of Fasciola hepatica
-Describe the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica
-Describe the pathogenicity of Fascioliasis
Nematodes – Ancylostoma duodenale(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale
-Describe the life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical features of hook worm infection
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of hook worm infection
Nematodes – Ascaris lumbricoides(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Ascaris lumbricoides
-Describe the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical features of Ascariasis
-Describe laboratory diagnosis of Ascariasis
Nematodes – Enterobius vermicularis(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Enterobius vermicularis
-Describe the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical features of Enterobiasis
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Enterobiasis
Nematodes – Strongyloides stercoralis(MØØV)
-Describe the morphology of Strongyloides stercoralis
-Describe the life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis
-List the diseases caused by S.stercoralis
Nematodes – Trichuris trichiura(MØØV)
-Describe the morphology of Trichuris trichiura
-Describe life cycle of Trichuris trichiura
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical manifestation of Trichuris trichiura
-Describe the lab diagnosis of trichuriasis
Filarial Nematodes – Wuchereria bancrofti(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of Wuchereria bancrofti
-Describe the life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti
-Describe pathogenesis of Wucheriria bancrofti
-Describe the lab diagnosis of Wuchereriasis
Filarial Nematodes – Brugiamalayi(MØØV)
-Describe pathogenesis of Brugiamalayi
Filarial Nematodes – Loa loa(MØØV)
-Describe pathogenesis of Loa Loa
Filarial Nematodes – Onchocerca volvulus(MØØV)
-Describe pathogenesis of Onchocerca volvulus
Nematodes – Dracunculus medinensis(MØØV)
-Describe pathogenesis of Dracunculus medinensis
VIROLOGY
Introduction – Structure(MSLV)
-Describe the morphology of virus
Introduction – Viral replication(MSØV)
-Discuss the steps of viral replication
Introduction – Viral inclusion bodies(MSØV)
-Describe the viral inclusion bodies with examples
Pathogenesis – Viral infections(MSØV)
-Describe the pathogenesis of viral infections
Introduction – Lab diagnosis of Viral infections(MØØV)
-Discuss about cultivation of viruses
Introduction – Classification(MSLV)
-Describe the classification of viruses based on type of nucleic acid
Virus host interactions and its Significance in Homoeopathy(MØØV)
-State the various virus host interactions
Bacteriophages(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of bacteriophage
-Explain the significance of bacteriophages in medical microbiology
DNA VIRUSES
Pox virus – Molluscum contagiosum(MSØV)
-State the pox virus which infect humans
-Describe the clinical features of Molluscum contagiosum
Papova virus – Human papillomavirus(MSØV)
-Discuss the diseases caused by Human Papilloma virus
Herpes virus – Herpes simplex virus(MSØV)
-Explain the pathogenesis of Herpes simplex virus
-Describe the clinical features of Herpes simplex virus infection
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Herpes virus infection
Herpes virus – Varicella-zoster(MSLV)
-Describe the pathogenesis of Varicella zoster
-Describe the clinical manifestation and complications of Chicken pox
-Describe the pathogenesis of Herpes zoster or shingles
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Varicella-zoster infection
Herpes virus – Cytomegaloviruses(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Cytomegalovirus
-Describe the clinical features of Cytomegalovirus disease
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus disease
Herpes virus – Human herpes virus(MØØV)
-List the two variants of Human Herpes Virus
-Explain the clinical features of Human Herpes virus
Herpes virus – Epstein-Barr virus(MSØV)
-List the clinical conditions caused by Epstein-Barr virus
-Describe the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus infection
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection
Adeno viruses(MØØV)
-Describe the pathogenicity and clinical manifestations of Adenoviruses
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Adenovirus disease
Hepadna virus – Hepatitis B virus(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Hepatitis B virus
-Describe the mode of transmission of Hepatitis B virus infection
-Describe the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection
-Describe the clinical features of hepatitis B virus infection
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis B virus infection
RNA VIRUSES
Orthomyxovirus – Influenza virus(MSØV)
-Describe the morphology of Influenza virus
-Describe the pathogenesis of Influenza virus
-Describe the clinical features of Influenza virus infection
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Influenza virus infection
Paramyxovirus – Mumps(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Mumps virus
-Describe the clinical features of mumps
-Explain the complications of Mumps
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Mumps virus infection
Paramyxovirus – Measles(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Measles virus
-Explain the pathogenesis of Measles
-Describe the clinical features and complications of Measles
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of Measles virus
Paramyxovirus – Rubella virus(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Rubella virus
-Describe the clinical features of Rubella virus infection
-Describe the features of congenital Rubella syndrome
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Rubella
Paramyxovirus – RSV(MSØV)
-Describe the morphology of Respiratory syncytial virus
-Describe the clinical features of Respiratory syncytial virus infection
Corona virus(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Coronavirus
-State the types of corona virus infecting humans
-Describe the clinical features of Corona virus disease
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Corona virus disease
Rhabdovirus – Rabies virus(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Rabies virus
-Describe the mode of transmission of Rabies
-Describe the pathogenicity of Rabies
-Describe the clinical stages of Rabies
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of human rabies
Picorna virus – Polio virus(MSØV)
-Explain the morphology of Polio virus
-Describe the pathogenesis of Polio virus infection
-Describe the clinical features of polio
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis polio
Arbo viruses – Dengue(MSLV)
-Describe the general features of Arboviruses
-Describe the types of Dengue
-Describe the pathogenesis and clinical classification of Dengue
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Dengue
Arbo virus – Chikungunya virus(MØØV)
-Describe the clinical features of Chikungunya
-Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Chikungunya
Arbo virus – Yellow fever(MØØV)
-Describe the clinical features of Yellow fever
Arbo virus – Japanese encephalitis(MSØV)
-Describe the clinical features of Japanese encephalitis
Retro virus – HIV(MSLV)
-Explain the morphology of Human immunodeficiency virus
-State the major antigens of HIV
-Describe the pathogenesis of HIV infection
-Describe the clinical features of HIV infection
-Describe confirmatory tests for diagnosis of HIV and AIDS
Hepatitis virus – HAV(MSØV)
-Describe the morphology of Hepatitis A virus
-Describe the pathogenesis of type A Hepatitis
-Describe the clinical features of type A hepatitis
-Describe the laboratory diagnosis of type A hepatitis
Hepatitis virus –C,D,E(MØØV)
-Discuss the comparative features of the viral hepatitis type C,D and E viruses
Emerging/re-emerging infections(MØØV)
-Describe the factors contributing to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
-State the emerging infections in India
HOMOEOPATHIC CORRELATION WITH MICROBIOLOGY(MSØV)
-Homoeopathic correlation
-Discuss the correlation of study of microbiology and parasitology with homoeopathic philosophy
-Discuss Homoeopathic prophylaxis
-Discuss genus epidemics
-Explain the Homoeopathic concepts in parasitic infections
-Explain the application of Homoeopathic concepts in management of parasitic infections
-Discuss the correlation of study of microbiology and parasitology with homoeopathic materia medica
-Discuss the correlation of study of microbiology and parasitology with Repertory
-Discuss the significance of study of microbiology and parasitology for homoeopathic physician