Memory
Memory is the process of remembering what is learned. It is the ability to process and retrieve information. It includes 4 major processes – learning, retention, recall and recognition.
Types of Memory -
1. Sensory Memory
- Very brief storage of sensory information (visual, auditory, tactile).
- Duration: milliseconds to a few seconds.
- Example: Remembering the image of a passing car just after it’s gone.
2. Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Holds small amounts of information temporarily (about 20–30 seconds).
- Limited capacity (around 7 ± 2 items).
- Example: Remembering a phone number long enough to dial it.
3. Working Memory
- An active form of short-term memory used for processing and manipulating information.
- Example: Doing mental arithmetic or following multi-step instructions.
4. Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Stores information for extended periods (days to lifetime).
- Divided into:
Explicit (Declarative) Memory: Conscious recall.
— Episodic memory: Personal experiences/events.
— Semantic memory: Facts, concepts, general knowledge.
Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory: Unconscious skills and habits.
— Procedural memory: Skills like riding a bike or typing.
— Priming & conditioning: Automatic responses shaped by past experiences.
5. Prospective Memory
- Remembering to perform actions in the future.
- Example: Remembering to take medicine at 8 PM.
6. Autobiographical Memory
- Combination of episodic and semantic memory related to one’s life history.
- Example: Recalling your first day at school.